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Akhmed Halidovich Zakayev (; ; born 26 April 1959) is a Chechen statesman, political and military figure of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI). Having previously been a Deputy Prime Minister, he now serves as of the ChRI government-in-exile. He was also the of the Ichkerian government, appointed by shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by Abdul Halim Sadulayev. An active participant in the Russo-Chechen wars, Zakayev took part in the battles for and the defense of Goyskoye, along with other military operations, as well as in high-level negotiations with the side. Chechyna’s Theatre of War: Akhmed Zakayev – actor, politician and former resistance fighter – talks to Vanora Bennett , , 2007

In 2002, Russia accused him, by then in exile, of having been involved in a series of crimes including involvement in acts of . UK actress defends Chechen rebel , , 6 December 2002 Chechen accused of terror acts , , 9 June 2003 In 2003, judge of Bow Street Magistrates' Court in central London rejected the request due to lack of evidence and declared the accusations to be politically motivated, also saying that there was substantial risk of Zakayev being if he was returned to . The Zakayev Case: Cui Bono? , Prague Watchdog, 5 August 2003 Court rejects Chechen extradition , , 13 November 2003

Since the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Zakayev has announced formation of the Separate Special Purpose Battalion of the Chechen Armed Forces, functioning as a Chechen volunteer battalion fighting with the Armed Forces of Ukraine.


Biography

Early life
Akhmed Zakayev was born in the settlement of Kirovskiy, Kirovskiy Raion (today called , ), in the Kazakh SSR, , which is now in , in ; his family was deported by 's regime along with the rest of the Chechens in 1944. Akhmed is from the . He graduated from and schools in and Moscow and worked as an actor at a theatre in the Chechen capital , specializing in Shakespearean roles. From 1991, he was the chairman of the Chechen Union of the Theatrical Actors. In 1994, Zakayev became a Minister of Culture in the Chechen separatist government of .


Chechen wars and the interwar period
After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the First Chechen War, Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of , he took part in the 1995 battle of Grozny and then led the defence of the village of . After this the armed group under his command operated in the south-west part of Chechnya with its headquarters in the town of . He was eventually promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commander of the Urus-Martan Front. In February 1996, Zakayev became commander of the entire Western Group of Defense of Ichkeria. In August 1996, his forces took part in the decisive raid on Grozny, Risky Walk in Rebel-Held Chechen Capital , The New York Times, 14 August 1996 where he personally led the attack on the city's central . Moscow Gives More Evidence On Zakayev , The St. Petersburg Times, 3 December 2002 Zakayev's war service paved his way to Chechen high politics. He became the Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev's advisor for the security matters and the secretary of the Chechen and represented Chechnya at the peace talks in Khasav-Yurt, which brought a peaceful end to the first armed conflict between Moscow and Grozny.

After the war, Zakayev became Chechen Deputy Prime Minister (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected President of Ichkeria for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at in 1997. Chechnya: The Turning Point That Wasn't, RFE/RL, 11 May 2007 During the interwar period, he opposed the rise of radical Islam in Chechnya and co-authored a book entitled – the Kremlin's remedy against national liberation movements, alleging an association between extremism and Soviet global "pro-terrorist" policy and support for dictatorships in the . During the early phases of the Second Chechen War in 1999–2000, Zakayev commanded Maskhadov's presidential guard; he was also involved in negotiations with representatives before and during the resumed hostilities. In 2000, having been wounded in a car accident during the new siege of Grozny, he left Chechnya for treatment. After this he stayed abroad and became President Maskhadov's most prominent representative in , while was the Chechen emissary to the .


In exile
Since January 2002, Zakayev and his immediate family have been residing permanently in the . On 18 November 2001, Zakayev, officially internationally wanted by Russia, flew from to the Sheremetyevo International Airport near to meet the Kremlin's envoy, General for the high-level talks since the start of the war. Moscow opens Chechnya peace talks , , 18 November 2001 Russian, Chechen Rebel Envoy Hold First Talks Since War Began, Los Angeles Times, 19 November 2001 Kremlin and Rebel Envoys Discuss Peace for Chechnya , The New York Times, 19 November 2001 Russia opens talks with Chechens , , 19 November 2001 Chechnya Peace Talks Get Under Way , The St. Petersburg Times, 20 November 2001 These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete capitulation of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life. Long negotiations with unclear results , Prague Watchdog, 16 November 2001 On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former secretary of Security Council of Russia in Zürich, . Prominent Candidates for Russia's Presidency , , 12 December 2004

In October 2002, Zakayev organized the World Chechen Congress in , (which was attended among others by the former first speaker of the , Ruslan Khasbulatov). During the congress, Zakayev was accused by of involvement in planning of the Moscow theater hostage crisis. He was detained there on 30 October 2002, under an warrant filed by Russia, which named him a suspect in the theater siege. Russian to the Core , Time, 3 November 2002Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko. "" Free Press, New York, 2007. . Zakayev denied involvement in the theater capture. He was held in Denmark for five weeks and then released due to lack of , as Russia's formal request did not include any evidence linking him to the siege. Russia pushes for Chechen extradition , , 2 November 2002 Denmark frees top Chechen envoy , , 3 December 2002 Zakayev Evidence On Shaky Ground , The St. Petersburg Times, 19 November 2002

On 7 December 2002, Zakayev returned to the UK but the British authorities arrested him briefly at London Heathrow Airport; he was released on 50,000 , which was paid by British actress , his friend who had travelled with him from Denmark. He was accused by Russian authorities of 13 criminal acts. Zakayev welcomed the British hearings as an opportunity to put his case before an international public. Zakayev Welcomes Deportation Trial, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 21 February 2003 All accusations were proven to be false. One accusation, cutting fingers of a suspected FSB informer Ivan Solovyov, was based on a written testimony by Zakayev's former bodyguard, Duk-Vakha Dushuyev, provided by Russian authorities; however, it appeared that Solovyev had lost his fingers much earlier to . Dushuyev himself has escaped from Russia and then in his statement claimed that he was tortured at a Russian army base with electric shocks to extort the to be used against Zakayev. Key witness in Chechen extradition case 'was tortured', , 25 July 2003 Evidence gathered by torture , , 31 July 2003 Kadyrov Accused of Intimidation , The St. Petersburg Times, 9 September 2003 In another accusation, Father Sergei, one of two Russian Orthodox Church priests allegedly murdered by Zakayev, turned out to be in fact still alive. The witness Filipp, allegedly kidnapped by Zakayev in 1996, also refuted his supposed testimony and even denounced Russian authorities for "implicating the Church in politics". Leading Russian activist told the court Zakayev would be at risk of death in Russian captivity (Kovalev spoke about two high-profile Chechen prisoners, field commanders and Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev, who died soon after being jailed in Russia, and of another, parliamentary speaker Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev, who has "disappeared" without trace after his arrest in 2000). According to Alexander Goldfarb, one of the defence's most important arguments was the 2001 meeting between Zakayev and General Kazantsev, since this meeting took place when the Chechen envoy had already been put by Russia on the international wanted list. At the time of the meeting Kremlin's on Chechnya Sergei Yastrzhembsky said on television that Russian government had no grievances against Zakayev. Zakayev saved by Mr Y , Gazeta.Ru, 2003/07/01 Therefore, on 13 November 2003, rejected the Russian request, deciding that it was politically motivated and that Zakayev would be at risk of in the case of "unjust and oppressive" extradition. Judge rejects bid to extradite Chechen rebel leader, , 13 November 2003 Russia Loses Fight Over Chechen's Extradition, The New York Times, 29 November 2008 The judge also said the crimes which involved Zakayev allegedly using armed force against combatants were not extraditable because they took place in the situation of . Chechen rebel defeats Putin's extradition plea , The Telegraph, 13 November 2003 Russian request to extradite Chechen exile is turned down, , 14 November 2003 Russian authorities in turn responded by accusing the court of double standards. UK accused of hypocrisy on terror , , 13 November 2003 On 29 November 2003, it was announced that Zakayev had been granted political asylum in the UK. Chechen envoy granted UK asylum , , 9 November 2003

After receiving in Great Britain in 2003, Zakayev made his permanent residence, and he visited several countries (including , and ) without being arrested. During the September 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis, Zakayev consented to the request of the civilian negotiators and authorities of North Ossetia–Alania to fly to Russia to negotiate with the hostage takers. However, the siege ended in bloody confusion just a few hours before this could happen. Zakayev Was Asked to Assist in Negotiations at the School , The Moscow Times, 6 September 2004. New Details Emerge on Maskhadov's Bid to Mediate in Beslan, The Jamestown Foundation, 6 January 2006 Communication Breakdown , Time, 12 September 2004 As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally declared by Maskhadov (who once again called for President of Russia to negotiate). These efforts were ignored by the Russian government and Maskhadov himself was soon killed in Chechnya.

On 31 October 2007, Zakayev officially distanced himself from the newly resigned Chechen separatist leader and the Chechen Islamist , who together had declared the creation of in the place of abolished ChRI. In response, Zakayev called for the remnants of the separatist parliament to form the new government and salvage legitimacy. Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , , 31 October 2007 Soon after, on 20 November 2007, Zakayev submitted his resignation from the post of foreign minister, but said this should not be viewed as a departure from "the fight for our independence, our freedom, and for the recognition of our state". Foreign Minister Of Chechen Separatist Government Resigns , RFE/RL, 20 November 2007 He subsequently assumed the position of prime minister of the exile government. In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's cultural heritage." US 'provoked Russia-Georgia war' , , 10 September 2008 Zakayev and , the widow of the first Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev, accused Udugov of being a paid agent provocateur for the Russia's FSB. Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?, RFE/RL, 1 November 2007

In London, Zakayev became friends with the Russian dissident and former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, later murdered by radioactive poisoning in November 2006; Litvinenko laid to rest in historic Highgate, The Telegraph, 08/12/2006 Zakayev accused the Russian President Putin of ordering the death of Litvinenko. In 2007, British police warned Zakayev that there was an increased threat to his personal security shortly before the alleged attempt to kill Berezovsky by the FSB-connected Chechen gangster Movladi Atlangeriyev (or "Mr A"). Police feared assassination for two Russian dissidents , , 22 July 2007 According to the in 2008, Zakayev was placed #2 on the FSB list, between Berezovsky and Litvinenko. In January 2008, Zakayev's name showed up on the purported hit list of Ramzan Kadyrov's enemies abroad to be killed, which was published on the following the murder of the Chechen dissident (a former bodyguard of Kadyrov who was shot dead after receiving asylum in ). Slain exile's family warns of death list, , 26 January 2009 Zakayev was arrested by the Polish police during his visit to Poland on 17 September 2010. Chechen separatist leader Zakayev 'arrested' in Poland , , 17 September 2010 He was released the same day.

In 2021, Zakayev expressed his condolences to the friends and relatives of the killed head of "Islamic State – Caucasus Province", , calling him and his followers "best of the best representatives of our people", a statement that met criticism from Ramzan Kadyrov. Рамзан Кадыров пригрозил посадить в подвал или убить Ахмеда Закаева

In September 2021, Zakayev released a statement on behalf of the Chechen government-in-exile regarding the Fall of Kabul and the conquest of Afghanistan by the . According to researcher Aslan Doukaev, the statement was "cautious", as it voiced concerns over "possible violations of fundamental human rights" and urged the Taliban to not abuse their power, pointing out that had also behaved mercifully upon conquering Mecca. Doukaev contrasted Zakayev's wording with much more enthusiastic comments made by Islamist Chechen separatists.


Increased activism amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine
In 2022, Russia launched a full invasion of Ukraine. At this point, several anti-Kadyrov Chechen militant groups like the Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion and the Sheikh Mansur Battalion were already fighting for Ukraine. In May 2022, Zakayev travelled to Kyiv and met with Ukrainian officials for "confidential" talks. Later, the creation of the "Separate Special Purpose Battalion of the Chechen Republic's Armed Forces" was announced by Zakayev; this unit officially styled itself as the continuation of the Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. A fourth separatist unit, called "Khamzat Gelayev Joint Task Detachment" was also founded. As the Russo-Ukrainian War continued to escalate, the pro-Ukrainian Chechen separatists increasingly framed the war as a chance to restore the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. On 18 October 2022, recognized the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as "temporarily occupied" state. Zakayev had lobbied in support of this resolution.

In November 2023, the "Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus" (a political alliance of various northern Caucasus separatist groups) appointed Zakayev the head of its Defense Commission alongside Akhmad Akhmedov, Sheikh Mansur Battalion deputy commander. The Congress aims at coordinating the different separatist exiles to unite their efforts against Russia.


Invitations to return to Chechnya
On 11 February 2009, said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he does not want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's , including Zakayev, still-wanted on terrorism charges. Kadyrov Invites Zakayev To Return to Chechnya , The Moscow Times, 11 February 2009 In an interview for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Zakayev claimed to rebuff the Chechen president's reported offer and said that Kadyrov was only following the Kremlin's orders; Zakayev Rebuffs Chechen President's Reported Offer , RFE/RL, 11 February 2009 he also reinstates this stance two days later in the interview for the BBC Russian Service. Закаев говорит, что не намерен возвращаться , BBC Russian Service, 10 February 2009 Zakayev says that he is not intended to return , , 12 February 2009 Kadyrov has said that "He Zakayev is the only man on the part of Ichkeria who I would like to bring back home. I do not know what the competent bodies think, but I believe he did not commit serious crimes."

According to the , Zakayev, who may be granted amnesty, stated his readiness to return and "contribute to a long-term peace in the region" in an interview for on the same day. According to Zakayev, Kadyrov can unite the Chechen society , , 17 February 2009 Kavkaz Center – which supported Umarov – has called Zakayev "the head of a telephone government", referring to the fact that Zakayev has little influence on the insurgents on the ground. A Never-Ending War

On 23 August 2009, in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s ", Saralyapov Accused and Dismissed to Zakayev Waynakh.com, 23 August 2009 and shortly afterwards, he was sentenced to death by Court of the , because he "professes democratic religion, propagates secularism, and prefers the laws established by men to the Shari'a law of Almighty and Great ." North Caucasus Resistance Sentences Chechen Leader To Death Radio Free Europe, 25 August 2009


Books
  • Subjugate or exterminate! : a memoir of Russia's wars against Chechnya, Academica Press, 2018, 511 p.
  • Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000–2006 : the emboldening of Putin, Academica Press, 2022, 512 p.


See also


Works cited

External links

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